Thus, the Gulf area has been experiencing an economic expansion based on the exploitation of its non-renewable energy reserves. From the 1960 to 1972, the economic growth rate was really high with an average of 10% per year. In that context, economic prosperity gained through the production and exports of the « black gold » started to bring attention to the way this surplus was being managed by resource-rich governments. The risks related to this kind of new economic models for GCC countries were many. Analysts first of all kept in mind the transformations and negative socio-economic impacts following the discoveries of gas reserves in the Netherlands in 1964. This phenomenon has been abundantly described in the economic literature as the so-called « Dutch Disease ». Emphasizing the shift of the labour force and the physical capital toward the new energy sector - after the discovery of natural resources - economists concluded that oil wealth can represent a curse for production, growth and employment. They spoke about the “paradox of plenty”: while natural resources discoveries were supposed to be a new source of wealth for the country, the focus and the restructuration of the economy around this energy sector paradoxically brings economic distortions, under-development and increase disparities within the population.